In Black Reconstruction, W.E.B. Du Bois coined the term “abolition democracy” and argued that slavery was not abolished, but still existed in the form of mass incarceration. As Du Bois argued, there could be no meaningful abolition of slavery without the establishment of institutions – including those of political economy – designed to bring those who were formerly enslaved into political and social life. On his view, the tragedy or failure of reconstruction in the US was that these were not the institutions built. Instead, the white ruling class set about to build a shadow form of enslavement in the form of the criminal justice system. As such, the abolition of slavery is not yet accomplished.